1- Studying Abroad, a Culture Shock. 2- Experience Of Traveling . 3- Essay

1- Studying Abroad, a Culture Shock. 2- Experience Of Traveling . 3- The Harmful of Air Pollution in Red Traffic Lights - Essay Example In his journal (article?), Dr. Kumar is trying to emphasize the importance of studying air pollution as a risk to human beings at the global level and convince the readers about the significance of this health risk at red traffic lights in particular. I think Dr. Prashant uses a good technique writing his paper, which includes pathos, logos, ethos, tons, purpose, and minds audience. And I am going to explain how he does that and where. Dr. Kumar first underlines huge impact of pollution for human health by stating that the World Health Organization has linked air pollution to â€Å"seven million premature deaths every year.† This technique consequently suggests that the paper and the science article are formal and professionally written to engage the readers’ attention. People around the world are not that curious to read about air pollution, however the fact of seven million premature deaths every year will make people want to know how to avoid that, as it made me. The author particularly uses the World Health Organization’s statement as a background information and support to emphasize the importance of his study on the air pollution. Also since Prashant Kumar is a Doctor from the University of Surrey, he got his master`s degree in Environmental Engineering and Management, which gave him more credibility or Ethos in readers’ eyes and made his arguments seem more valid to the audience. The reader is basically any person in our society who is concerned about their health but this article can relate more to the people who are more sensitive to air pollution like senior citizens, pregnant women and children. Pregnant women as an audience will be even more interested as Dr. Kumar emphasizes â€Å"seven million premature deaths every year.† In this way, the author may have been engaged in the emotions of the readers as well, so it can be said that there

Attachment and Parenting Styles Essay Example for Free

Attachment and Parenting Styles Essay Everyone has had some type of caregiver some point in his or her life. The only difference is the type of method used for parenting. â€Å"Parenting styles have been grouped into four different styles: indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and uninvolved† (Darling Eric, 1999. para. 3). With each kind of parenting style, there are pros and cons that help or disrupt a child’s well-being. Parents should make sure the type of parenting style they expose their child to will be positive and not negatively affect the child. A negative impact could hinder a child’s current behavior and future behavior. Parenting Styles The authoritarian approach provides children with a set of rules that must be followed without questioning. There is a â€Å"do as I say not as I do† attitude. The authoritarian parenting style is the stricter style. According to the textbook, â€Å"The authoritarian child-rearing style is low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting† (Berk, 2010, pg. 279). Parents who use this method set strict limits and show little or no love appearing to be cold. If a child resists the parent, the parent will result into a forceful punishment. It is not uncommon for a parent with this approach to shame, blame, punish, and tease his or her child. The most common reason for parents using this method is that they do not want their children to become failures. The uninvolved approach rejects and neglects a child. According to the textbook, â€Å"the uninvolved child-rearing style combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy† (Berk, 2010, pg. 280). A parent will usually make few to no demands from the child. It is not uncommon for a parent to be overcome with his or her life that he or she express’s little or no interest in the child causing neglecting. A child who is around this type of atmosphere may have several problems that include antisocial behavior and developing a low self-esteem. It is possible for a parent to focus on his or her own problems that they do not realize how separate he or she is with the child and the lack of emotional support given. Types of Attachments A child who may have a parent whose parenting style is authoritarian may have a resistant attachment. â€Å"Resistant attachment affects about 10 percent of infants† (Machteld, 2011, para. 7). With resistant attachment a child is likely to be clingy, angry, and distressed. A child may cry for longer periods and cannot feel comfort as easily as other children. An uninvolved parent may have a child who expresses avoidant attachment. â€Å"This attachment affects about 15 percent of infants† (Machteld, 2011, para. 9). During this attachment a child may show a lack of interest when the parent is around. He or she will not be distraught when the parent leaves. They are not going to be clingy and will treat strangers the same as they do his or her parents. The reasons for choosing these attachments are because they go hand-in-hand with the type of parenting styles chosen. If a child has a parent with the authoritarian style of parenting he or she is likely to go through the resistant attachment. A child who has a parent uninvolved is likely to go through the avoidant attachment. Each type of parenting style will have a different type of attachment. Culture Impact and Examples Different cultures vary in the way they raise children and what is thought to be the right or wrong way. Culture can play a role in the impact of raising a child. What may be satisfactory in one culture may be wrong in another. The textbook provides several examples of culture impact and attachment patterns. â€Å"German infants show considerably more avoidant attachment than American babies do. But German parents value independence and encourage their infants to be non-clingy† (Berk, 2010. pg. 199). In one culture independence is encouraged and a child with avoidant attachment is not seen as a negative impact. In another culture a parent may believe this attachment is neglectful and not want his or her child to express this type of attachment. â€Å"Infants in Africa showed no avoidant attachment to their mothers. Even when grandmothers are the primary caregivers† (Berk, 2010. pg. 199). It is common for a Japanese baby to show resistant attachment. This is not because of any insecurity, but because a Japanese mother will normally not leave her child in anyone else’s care. Japanese parents see this as normal. Conclusion Each parent must figure out which type of parenting style works best for him or her. The type of parenting style not only affects the parent but also the child. As a responsible parent it is his or her job to make sure that the obstacles of everyday life does not hinder him or her from being a good parent. With the authoritarian style or uninvolved style a child will be shown and acquire his or her morals. It is not right to neglect or over discipline a child. A parent can be strict and loving at the same time. A child needs to have both discipline and love to be well-rounded. Too much discipline can force a child to have problems just as neglecting a child will also. There has to be a middle where the parent can realize when enough is enough. References Berk, L. E. (2010). Development through the lifespan. (5th ed., pp. 119-215). Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Darling, N., ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education, C. L. (1999). Parenting Style and Its Correlates. ERIC Digest. Machteld, Hoeve (2011). Maternal and paternal parenting styles: Unique and combined links to adolescent and early adult delinquency. Journal of Adolescence, 34813-827. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.02.004

Hiv Infected Black African Community Health And Social Care Essay

Hiv Infected Black African Community Health And Social Care Essay Today the epidemic HIV/AIDS has become a universal issue demanding attention of all public sectors. The HIV infection has developed as a major public health importance in the whole world with its increasing prevalence rate. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which affects the immune system of the body and destroys all its functions where an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most advance phase of HIV infection (World health organisation, 2010). Globally around 60 million people are affected since the start of this epidemic HIV and till now around 20 million people are died due to infection of this virus (UNAIDS, 2005). In the year 2007, it was estimated that around 33.2 million people were living with HIV in the world (UNAIDS, 2007). Similarly in United Kingdom, the prevalence of HIV infected people was 77,400 in 2007 (Health Protection Agency, 2008). The London city continues to be the UKs HIV/AIDS hot spot with leading numbers of HIV cases as compa red to UK. In London, the population of Black Africans are most rapidly increasing in terms of HIV infection and forming the second largest group of HIV/AIDS service users (Erwin and peters, 1999). This essay will try to investigate and analyse the causes of increasing prevalence of HIV infection in Black African people in London Borough of Lewisham. The essay will briefly examine the epidemiology of HIV infection in Lewisham particularly with focusing on Black African ethnicity. This essay will also focus on socio economic determinants of HIV prevalence in Black African community in London borough of Lewisham. With the help of this research the factors influencing HIV/AIDS in Black African population in Lewisham would be studied. This will be an attempt to analyse the strategies and interventions of the issue regarding global, national and mainly the local perspectives. It focuses on black African communities because they are disproportionately affected by HIV infection compared to other minority ethnic groups. The HIV infection is mainly transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse which can be anal or vaginal. It may also be transmitted through the transfusion of HIV contaminated blood to the healthy individual. Sharing needles has become a most common reason for the spread of this epidemic. It may also be transmitted through the mother having HIV to her child. Breast feeding is also one of the factors which can help to spread the HIV (World Health Organisation, 2010). Still in many areas like developing countries, people are unknown to HIV/AIDS. The illiteracy and poverty are the main causative factors for the spread of epidemic HIV in the world. Being an epidemic, migration is the most common cause for increasing the prevalence of HIV. Sex workers also play a leading role in the spread of HIV because the infection is sexually transmitted. London city has the maximum proportion of population from minority ethnic groups migrated from all over the world. Among these different ethnic groups, Black Africans are one of the fastest growing immigrants in London. East London is one of the poorest areas in London city with having lowest expectation of life, highest unemployment rate and poor housing with low level of education (Elford et al, 2006). In England, late diagnosis of HIV remains a major problem among black Africans. In 2007, about 42 per cent of black Africans diagnosed with HIV were diagnosed late. The evidence shows that late diagnosis of HIV increases more risk of early mortality. The research also conclude some reasons for late diagnosis of HIV in Black African community such as, fear of testing positive for HIV, some of them have a misconception that testing positive would lead to deportation, fear of breaking up the social relationships after testing positive, unknown of testing centres due to lack of information, having fear that life or business pattern will change because of testing positive. Most of Black Africans felt that they had no reason to think they had HIV. Due to HIV related stigma and discrimination Black Africans as compared to White community are the least likely to disclose their HIV status to their partners, family members, employers or friends. Cultural and religious diversity among African c ommunity are the main causes of increase in prevalence of HIV. The evidence indicates that long time stay in England also has an impact on the sexual health of black Africans. Many black African migrates are facing insecure residency status problem. This causes unemployment and mental problems to the community and due to this they are forced into sexual risks, such as prostitution which increases high risk to HIV infection (Race Equality Foundation, 2009). Language barrier is one of the main causes for the increase in prevalence of HIV in Black people. Ineffective communication between people and health care professional causes poor service of the health care. Spirituality is also an important factor in the health and well-being of older Black African people and must also be considered when deciding on methods of engagement (Race Equality Foundation, 2010). In England, It has proved that there are more same-sex relationships than reported among black Africans (Race Equality Foundation, 2009). There is growing evidence to show that African men who have sex with men (MSM) living in the UK are deeply affected by HIV. The article from Audrey Prost, related to sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) highlights the fact that homosexually active men from Black African communities in UK are disproportionately vulnerable to STIs compared to white people community. According to a study conducted by Hickson and his colleagues in 2001, a higher proportion of black African MSM (18%) was living with HIV compared with white MSM with 10% (Aidsportal, 2007). African gay/bisexual men, regardless of their HIV status, are considered hard to reach and reluctant to talk. Various reports indicate that homophobia, both at large and within the black African community may be preventing African men from engaging with HIV prevention initiatives and even discussing their sexual identity with anyone. The racism and homophobia are being very offensive part in Black gay community because Black people have always excluded, harassed, imprisoned and killed often solely because they have black skin where Gay men are also harassed, beaten and killed because they are gay. This explains how difficult it can be being black and gay. In UK, there are some evidences of research studies which are related to Black Caribbean MSM and their problems regarding social lives but there is no evidence of equivalent research which has been has been carried out with African men in UK. Therefore more research is needed urgently for understanding the sexual lifestyles of Afric an MSM, their problems regarding social lives and the best ways to reach them with HIV prevention policies and interventions (Aidsportal, 2007). Commission for Equality and Human Rights (CEHR) presents a real opportunity to address the multiple forms of discrimination faced by Black/African gay men, including racism, homophobia, sexism etc. In London the well established determinants of health care costs for people living with HIV/AIDS such as disease stage and transmission category, socio-economic factors like employment and the support of a living-in partner drastically reduced community services expenses (Kupek et al, 1999). The social responses of fear, stigma, denial and discrimination have accompanied the epidemic HIV/AIDS where the discrimination has increased enormously with maximum anxiety and prejudice against the community who are commonly affected with HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 2000). The HIV/AIDS can be treated by some modern therapies but it cannot be cured. The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a therapy which uniformly slower down the rate of disease development towards AIDS or the death. In London it is consistently showed that, the Black African people living with HIV are more likely to present with advanced stage of disease, and are therefore less likely to access and get advantage from this therapy. Because of this consequence there is a high mortality rate related to AIDS among the White community but in Black African community it has not yet seen remarkably (Boyd et al, 2005). The main reason for this occurrence is an unawareness of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among the Black African community. The information and knowledge regarding demographic characteristics and the stage of HIV in various communities can give important insights like which community should be targeted to provide more intensive educational campaigns t o develop the uptake of HIV testing. The World Health Organisation, UNAIDS and AVERT are the globally leading health organisations which work together and with the government for the prevention of HIV/AIDS. These organisations regularly keep an updates of the prevalence of epidemic HIV/AIDS globally, on national level as well as on the local level. Though these organisations are trying to provide maximum services for HIV infected people, it is proved that, globally only less than one individual in five who are at risk of HIV had access to basic prevention services for HIV (UNAIDS, 2005). As mentioned earlier, the prevalence of HIV is much in African regions. The governments of African countries should act decisively against the increase of HIV infections in the country. In South Africa the government has approved the long-awaited provision of free antiretroviral drugs in public hospitals. The South Africa is the only country in Africa whose government is still obtuse, dilatory and negligent about rolling out treatment ( AVERT, 2010). To fight against an epidemic HIV worldwide, the World Health Organisation and other national and international health organisations celebrates World AIDS Day every year on first December. The theme was established by World Health Organisation in 1988. Worldwide it provides national AIDS programs, faith organisations, community organisations, and individuals with an opportunity to raise awareness and focus attention on the global AIDS epidemic (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). In England, the HIV related framework of services has been developed for African communities. This framework is developed to fulfil the vision of NHS plan and meet the standards and goals set out in the National Strategy. This service framework helps NHS staff offering HIV prevention and sexual health promotion advice to African communities. The Department of Health has proposed an ASTOR framework to deal with the diverse black community with different needs. It is a standardised planning tool which can be very helpful to deal with the Black African HIV infected patients. The benefits of ASTORs are for both service commissioners and providers (Department of Health, 2005). To reduce the prevalence of HIV infection in Black African community, the government of England have planned some strategies such as, Reducing the number of people living with undiagnosed HIV with maximum access to testing HIV, improving the health of people living with HIV by providing an antiretroviral therapy to them, preventing the onward transmission of HIV by addressing knowledge and awareness to the infected people (Elam et al, 2006). The African HIV Policy Network (AHPN) is a national umbrella organisation which deals with providing the information of national policies on HIV and sexual health that have implicated for African communities (African HIV Policy Network, 2008). In England the National African HIV prevention Programme (NAHIP) also works effectively delivering prevention interventions for African people living in England. In 1997, the department of health set up a first group of national projects targeted for African community to reduce the prevalence of HIV infection in England. In 2008 the Department of Health instigated a review of the two national HIV Prevention programmes, NAHIP and CHAPS which highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of both programmes and discussed the challenges regarding increasing prevalence in black Africans. In mid 2009, the RBE Consultancy was commissioned to consult with stakeholders in order to develop the NAHIP Strategic Plan 2010 2012. There is a provision of African A IDS Helpline which will become an intervention within NIHIP and the African community. The structure of the plan of NIHIP for 2010-2012 mainly include, the Implementation of the African HIV Prevention Handbook, Putting the Knowledge, The Will and The Power into Practice, relationships with evaluation and development. The aim of AHPN plan is taking into account the needs of African communities and more specifically incorporates Africans living with HIV into local delivery plans where the NIHIP aims to maintain the flow of the previous structure, provide a link for Sub-Contracted Agencies in case of grievances, reduce the length of time between HIV infection and diagnosis, reduce the number of condom failure events by increasing correct use of condoms, increase post-exposure prophylaxis in people who are sexually exposed to HIV (NAHIP, 2010). The Department of Health (2005) planned some interventions to decrease the prevalence of HIV in African communities such as, One to one counselling. Telephone help lines. Provision of sperm washing services. Clinical services to prevent mother-to-child transmission. To maximise the contact with the target group Department of Health made some settings which include, religious groups of African community or churches, African restaurants and embassies etc (Department of Health, 2005). The most prominent initiatives of NIHIP are the Do It Right Africans Making Healthy Choices campaign providing information on sexual health, condoms, and where to access help to the targeted group. The Beyond Condoms campaign of NIHIP promotes debate among African communities about a wide range of issues regarding sexual health and building a safer sex culture. To avoid the language and religious barriers the campaign literature is available in five different languages with targeting different religious groups (AVERT, 2010). The London Borough of Lewisham has large number of black African community with infected by HIV. Each year the NHS of Lewisham treats over 1,200 people for HIV infection. In this borough, around 57% of people are infected through heterosexual sex and 35% are infected through sex between men. The NHS Lewisham is trying to fight against increase in HIV prevalence by implementing different strategies. In 2009, the NHS set a theme for World AIDS Day entitled Universal Access and Human Rights. In the whole borough, the HIV testing is currently available through all GPs on request and four rapid-access HIV testing clinics around the borough. With implementing a new theme for HIV the NHS is piloting a new approach to HIV testing (NHS Lewisham, 2009). To avoid different barriers against HIV treatment the NHS has set 5 spoke providers on the weekly and monthly basis in which Metro is for weekly gay men group and FAWA provides French speaking African monthly group. This can help African commun ity who are infected with HIV (NHS Lewisham, 2009). In London Borough of Lewisham, the service providers for the black African people living with HIV are commissioned through the South London HIV Partnership (SLHP). The HIV services for black African communities commissioned by SLHP are as follows: African Culture Promotion: Prevention work with African communities. SHAKA: Prevention work with Caribbian and African communities. NPL: Prevention work with African communities. LSL African Health Forum: Prevention work with African communities. THT GMFA: Care and support services for gay men. Terrence Higgins Trust: Counselling (NHS Lewisham, 2009). Although Lewisham carries maximum number of HIV patients with black African ethnicity, still there are no specific strategies or policies targeting only for black Africans HIV patients in London Borough of Lewisham. According to the research carried out, the black Africans continue to present with more advanced HIV disease than whites or black Caribbeans. This community is still lacking for the early diagnosis as compared to other ethnic groups. The future strategies should be designed to promote the uptake of HIV testing among black Africans. The future strategies should address the multiple barriers to testing, including misperception of risk, stigma and discrimination and ready access to testing. This study suggests that although being on a high risk group for HIV infection the black Africans generally do not suspect their status. This community delay their uptake for HIV clinic care and test and statutory, voluntary support services. But still after diagnosis they are similar to their white counterparts. The black African community lack informal support networks. This study highlights a desperate need for health promotion work for the black African communities in London Borough of Lewisham, to increase awareness of the benefits of testing HIV and simultaneously to reduce the stigma and discrimination related to HIV/AIDS. These are some barriers which have been illustrated in this study related to HIV testing. The attitudes and practices of NHS and other health care providers, perceptions of patients living with HIV, and official, managerial and economical factors would be very important aspects for the effectiveness of HIV testing and counselling for black African community but yet there is lack of structured information regarding these barriers. The overall barriers described are associated with low-risk perception, access to the health services, reluctance to address HIV, fear and worries and scarcity of economical and properly trained human resources. To conclude the overall study some suggestions would be helpful for the future strategies of health care services. The strategy or the policy should be made which can help strengthen work between the voluntary and statutory sector since the black African community would find it easier to approach their community organisations. The statutory sector should also approach the community directly by reaching them and to hear their personal views. Every newly established structure of the policy should be placed in each sector which will enable the people to attend easily. Considering the examples of the black African gay people, where it is perhaps easier for them to deal with HIV as they have, no baggage of family, these people are generally from the indigenous community therefore there is no immigration status problem, these people are stigmatised but also influential and empowered. If a HIV patient is admitted in hospital, try monitoring him and when he is about to discharged the hospita l ask him to contribute some thoughts once back in the community. Proactive engagement with the black African community would effect in unequal access to services and care with raising the confidence in their own voluntary organisation that the information about their status is held in confidence and will not be breached. A health care service should have culturally competent staff and involves families in the communication process which can be effective and successful. It is also a responsibility of all members of the society. The society should act well with the minority groups living with HIV. They should not be stigmatised by the general people. Being a good human everyone should avoid racism with minority communities like black Africans and the gay people. Remember, the Black African community who have HIV/AIDS are not the problem but the society is. REFERANCES: African HIV Policy Network. (2008) BHIVA/BASHH/BIS HIV TESTING GUIDELINES CONSULTATION Response from the African HIV Policy Network (AHPN). [Online] Available from: http://www.ahpn.org/downloads/policies/Consultation_on_BHIVA_testing_guidelines_V3_0.pdf [Accessed 5th May 2010]. African HIV Policy Network. (2006) HIV and Immigration. [Online] Available from: http://www.ahpn.org/downloads/newsletters/AHPNNewsletter0406.pdf [Accessed 15th May 2010]. Aidsportal. (2007) African HIV Policy network. [Online] Available from: http://www.aidsportal.org/repos/AHPNNewsletterMSMJuly07.pdf [Accessed 25th April 2010]. AVERT. (2010) HIV and AIDS in the UK. [Online] Available from: http://www.avert.org/aids-uk.htm [Accessed 21st May 2010]. AVERT. (2010) History of AIDS: 2003-2006. [Online] Available from: http://www.avert.org/aids-history03-06.htm [Accessed 17th May 2010]. Bevan, K. (2008) HIV in South East London 1995 2006. [Online] Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1212477969757 [Accessed 12th May 2010]. Boyd, A., Murad, S., Oshea, S., Ruiter, A., Watson, C., Easterbrook, P. (2005) Ethnic differences in stage of presentation of adults newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in south London. [Online] Available from: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118714709/PDFSTART [Accessed 26th April 2010]. Department of Health. (2005) HIV and AIDS in African Communities A Framework for Better Prevention and Care January. [Online] Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4099052.pdf [Accessed 13th May 2010]. Elam, G., De Souza, L., Ward, H. (2006) HIV and AIDS in the United Kingdom African communities: guidelines produced for prevention and care. [Online] Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2886 [Accessed 2nd May 2010]. Elford, J., Anderson, J., Bukutu, C., Ibrahim, F. (2006) HIV in East London: ethnicity, gender and risk. Design and methods. [Online] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1524742/ [Accessed 14th May 2010]. Erwin, J., Peters, B. (1999) Treatment issues for HIV+ Africans in London. [Online] Available from: http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VBF-3X70SDJ-6-1_cdi=5925_user=983321_pii=S0277953699002208_orig=search_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999_sk=999509988view=cwchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzSmd5=b3e0e9a3f108a1a7e8675b1ed11c7ef9ie=/sdarticle.pdf [Accessed 14th May 2010]. Health Protection Agency. (2008) HIV in the United Kingdom: 2008 Report. [Online] Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1227515298354 [Accessed 9th May 2010]. Kupek, E., Dooley, M., Whitaker, L., Petrou, S., Renton, A. (1999) Demographic and socio-economic determinants of community and hospital services costs for people with HIV/AIDS in London. [Online] Available from: http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VBF-3WR495S-C-1_cdi=5925_user=983321_pii=S027795369800447X_orig=search_coverDate=05%2F31%2F1999_sk=999519989view=cwchp=dGLzVtb-zSkzSmd5=8f397198cfd5d487e813fcadbf073668ie=/sdarticle.pdf [Accessed 7th May 2010]. Latif, S. (2010) Effective methods of engaging black and minority ethnic communities within health care settings. [Online] Available from: http://www.better-health.org.uk/files/health/health-brief18.pdf [Accessed 3rd May 2010]. National African HIV Prevention Programme. (2010) National African HIV Prevention Programme (NAHIP) Strategic Plan April 2010 to March 2012. [Online] Available from: http://www.nahip.org.uk/downloads/494.pdf [Accessed 28th April 2010]. NHS Lewisham. (2009) HIV Supportive Care in Lewisham. [Online] Available from: http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4072F68D-B71C-48EB-8749-CCFBC0B0DB7E/0/cc7f47f87214442b9213e01b0b2a297104HIVCommissioningandsupportprovision.PDF [Accessed 25th May 2010]. NHS Lewisham. (2009) MEDIA RELEASE WORLD AIDS DAY: 1ST DECEMBER 2009. [Online] Available from: http://www.lewishampct.nhs.uk/documents/2244.pdf [Accessed 5th May 2010]. NHS Lewisham. (2009) HIV Supportive Care in Lewisham Report for Healthier Communities Select Committee NHS Lewisham. (2010) HIV Supportive Care in Lewisham. [Online] Available from: http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9FE5FD58-9FDD-40F6-8C40-4ECECFBE23D4/0/0f66c646e95c4283b3b14078e7d0214608HIVHealthierCommunitiesSelectCommittee.PDF [Accessed 4th May 2010]. UNAIDS. (2000) HIV and AIDS-related stigmatization, discrimination and denial: forms, contexts and determinants. [Online] Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/unaids/2000/UNAIDS_00.16E.pdf [Accessed 1st May 2010]. UNAIDS. (2005) Intensifying HIV prevention. [Online] Available from: http://data.unaids.org/publications/irc-pub06/jc1165-intensif_hiv-newstyle_en.pdf [Accessed 23rd April 2010]. UNAIDS. (2007) AIDS epidemic update. [Online] Available from: http://data.unaids.org/pub/epislides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf [Accessed 5th May 2010]. U.S Department of Health and Human Services. (2010) World AIDS Day. [Online] Available from: http://www.hhs.gov/aidsawarenessdays/days/world/ [Accessed 22nd May 2010]. World Health Organisation. (2010) HIV/AIDS. [Online] Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/hiv_aids/en/ [Accessed 15th May 2010].

Computers in the Classroom :: Technology Education Learning Essays

Computers in the Classroom Education has recently become a major media topic, drawing daily headlines in newspapers across the country. One issue on this topic is the recent rush to increase technology in the schools. This frequently is referred to as educational technology. Educational technology is defined as " the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of process and resources for learning" (Ely 2000). The thought of incorporating technology into the classroom is an idea occurring only thorough the 20th century. This concept evolved during and immediately following WWII, when technology began to increase and became available for individual use. The originators of increased technology in the classroom focused on the use of audiovisual media, such as TV and video clips. Today when we say educational technology we most frequently refer to the use of computers in the classroom or similar electronic devices. There are many positive aspects of having computers present in the classroom and used as a tool throughout the learning process, especially in math and science. This is a relatively new idea, considering computer use has increased dramatically over the past 10 years. Few deny that students do not require computer access in school, however some individuals feel this ultimately will negatively affect schools and students. I however am not one of those individuals. I feel computer technology can positively affect many areas of education. In this paper I will cover the areas of computer impact on constructivism, possible assessment processes of the future, and technology use with at-risk students. With increasing standards across the country, many students are falling behind their peers. These students are considered "at-risk" for academic failure. In the past, these students were educated through tracking at a lower level, by narrowing specific circulla, rigid instructional procedure, and pullout programs. However, recent studies show that by "not challenging at-risk students or encouraging them to use complex thinking skills schools underestimate the students’ capabilities (Means 1997). Consequently not providing them with the best education possible. Many students that are at-risk have difficulty with subject matter because it is irrelevant, uninteresting, or too abstract for them to absorb, ultimately the students do not try in school and eventually fail out. Well it sounds like an easy solution then; make the lessons relevant to the student’s life.

Analysis of the poem Essay

The poem Originally by Carol Ann Duffy talks about the issue of culture identity. The poem talks about change, memories, and anxiety which occurs when moving. This is conveyed through the experiences of a young girl in the poem who is reluctant to leave what she knows behind. This is made apparent through the theme of memory and the continual change of setting. The title Originally sets the tone for the poem as there change needs to occur for there to be an ‘original’. This choice of diction allows for an expectation for what the journey will be about, while the ambiguity of the poem is written in such a way that personal experiences can be projected upon the protagonist. The aspect of the poem through tone however creates a bias towards negative emotions and experiences due to the despondent tone throughout the first two stanzas. This atmosphere of loss is aided through the use of negative emotive diction such as ‘bawling’ and ‘resigned’. By showing that the protagonist’s brothers are crying, Duffy illustrates how hard this is for them as crying is usually only brought on by major or sad events and loss, ‘resigned’ is used to show how she has accepted her fate, but it doesn’t mean she likes it. This association of emotions with the diction allows for empathy to occur towards the protagonist and her unsure feelings about her emigration. The theme of cultural identity is used in the poem in order to instil a sense of not belonging. This feeling of unease and unhappiness is introduced through the use of ‘bawling’ as this change from the place where they are comfortable and belong to the new one is both painful and confusing for them. The use of italics however, in the repetition of ‘Home’ as well as the capitalisation of it, emphasises it’s importance to them and their desire to return to it. The use of a blind toy by Duffy can be used as a metaphor towards the protagonists new life, where, although the toy is blind, it still has eyes. The foreshadowing could be that when the protagonist moves she will be blinded by everything which is new so that she doesn’t become overwhelmed by it. She will continue to be blind to the beauty of her new home so long as she is yearning for her old one. However, once she is ready her ‘sight’ will return and she will start to forget her cultural identity. At the time, the girl doesn’t want this however, so she is clinging onto a toy to maintain her memories of home. Additionally, a toy is associated with childhood, so the clinging onto it may represent how she doesn’t want to grow up and leave her comforts behind. By saying in the second stanza that ‘all childhood is emigration’, Duffy allows for immediate relation to the protagonists situation. This is due to the journey of growing up to adulthood which is a worldwide experience, as well as referring to physical emigration of moving from one place to another. Improtantly however, the emigration of childhood is all made without the acceptance of the person moving, they cannot stop growing older, and parents make the ultimate decisions. This unease and the inability to understand the need to move is reinforced by the location of her new home where ‘no one you know stays. ‘ This introduces the tone of isolation which is reinforced by having the wrong accent, and ‘shouting words you don’t understand’ which immediately marks a person as being from a different area, even though the move could have been within the same country of city, the accent and slang changes. The introduction of ‘big boys’ shows that she is intimidated by people from the area who are older and bigger as she doesn’t know how they will react, this is reinforced by the alliteration present through the repetition of the hard ‘d’, continuing the feeling of intimidation which the protagonist encounters. A continuation of the alliteration in sibilance, ‘seeing your brother swallow a slug, feel only a skelf of shame,’ provides an insight that the protagonist is slightly proud of her brothers for adapting so well to the environment, which is then applied to herself in a continuation of sibilance in combination with a simile in that she ‘remembers (her) tongue shedding it’s skin like a snake, my voice in the classroom sounding just like the rest. ‘ This shows that she is also now adapting to her environment, reinforced by the fact that a shed skin is natural for a snake, and this adaptation is normal, although slightly unwanted. The last stanza’s change in tone shows how the protagonist has changed with age. This allows for a time skip to take place into a time when she is more mature and able to reflect upon the journey easily, although with some regret. This is expressed through rhetorical questions beginning with the use of ‘Do I only think,’ in line 20, which builds up an atmosphere of longing and wistfulness. There is also a tone of uncertainty in there, as she doesn’t know if she had remained in the place if the feelings of belonging would have remained, which is why she only questions and doesn’t outright believe that staying would have been the best option for her. The rhyming of the words ‘first space’ and ‘right place’ reinforces the doubt she feels about her cultural identity. The continued doubt of the protagonist’s cultural identity which occurs in lines 23 and 24, illustrates how she will continue to try and find the answers throughout her life as she will never be truly certain of who she is, creating a sense of not belonging. Although emigration is a hard thing to experience, Duffy illustrates that trying to maintain a cultural identity through such a process may cause problems later. The continued rejection of the new culture illustrates how much of an outsider it makes the protagonist feel later in life, which could have been avoided if it had been readily embraced. The place which she originates from will always have a draw, however, the acceptance of a new culture viewed as a new part of a personal culture, would be much easier to accept than a replacement to the old one.

Happiness and the Good Life Essay

What is the relation between living a good life and being happy? To many, the good life is a financially prosperous life, and happiness lies in the possession of wealth. Worldly success is what counts, and anyone who is not ‘successful’ in the usual sense is counted a ‘failure.’ Others strive for a life based on honor and public recognition. A good life is made up of hobnobbing with the right people in the right settings, and happiness is a matter of gaining respect. Along with these, there are lives that show by their living a desire for glory or power that inspires great efforts. Others, who are not drawn to wealth, power or glory because of the difficulties involved in attaining them, may choose the pursuit of pleasure. A good and happy life is one in which pleasures outweigh the pains overall. Many questions have been asked about the good life and happiness. People constantly answer those questions with their lives, and we see many different ideas of the good life and happiness playing out in the strivings of human beings to live well and be happy. The ancient Greeks wished their friends to ‘do well’ and ‘fare well’ in this life. These two, they thought, held the keys to human felicity. Doing well concerns ourselves, our own actions and feelings. We have some control over these aspects of our lives. So when we wish someone to ‘do well’ in life, we express the hope that the person will be moral and fair in his or her dealings with others. Beyond securing basic physical survival, someone who does well in life can sleep with a clear conscience, whether blessed with material success or not. From many a philosophical point of view, the good life has an intrinsically moral core that involves compassion for the suffering of others and acting justly in the world. ‘Faring well’ concerns events and occurrences over which we do not have so much control. â€Å"Faring well† means succeeding in life, coming into a prosperous condition, with all the benefits that come with money and social acceptance. Someone who is faring well in life has had a bit of good luck. It is possible to do everything right in order to succeed, but still fail to do so. For example, you can study hard for your degree, get your professional qualifications, work diligently, become competent, but still not succeed. The cards may not fall your way. As Sartre says, â€Å"You are free to try, but not to succeed.† This seems right to me, and so I will come down with Aristotle against Plato on this point, that doing well is not all that is involved in attaining happiness in life. Plato’s Socrates famously says that the good person cannot be harmed, that virtue is knowledge, and that happiness consists entirely of doing well and being just. Aristotle argues that a degree of luck plays into our happiness. He insists that most of our happiness is in our own hands, but that it can be affected by outside circumstances. So while being happy is mostly a matter of ‘doing well’ (and ‘thinking well’), great misfortunes can damage our happiness. It may be that such a person, by ‘doing well,’ will attain a degree of dignity in suffering, but he will not be happy; or, as Aristotle has it, ‘blessed.’ In light of this result, I hazard an intuitive philosophical account of the relation between the good life and happiness. Living a good life is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for happiness. In other words, it is possible to live a good life without being happy, but not happy without living a good life. This a ‘philosophical’ account of the relation because many philosophers have a particular idea of happiness and the good life that is not shared by everyone, with their emphasis on clarity of thought and sound reasoning. In addition, though philosophers recommend the philosophical life as both the happiest and the best, they are not in a position to legislate for everyone what happiness must be. Nevertheless, the traditional philosophical view is not without support. All we have to do is look at the results of many lives that strive for wealth, power, fame, glory or pleasure. So many disasters befall those who pursue a good life with no moral core, or reflective turn of mind, that it makes some sense, as philosophers argue, to pursue the wisdom to recognize the good life, and, within that life, such happiness human beings can attain.

Battles of the Civil War essays

Battles of the Civil War essays John Brown once said, Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose tights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, - I submit; so let it be done! He believed that the only way to rid slavery from the United States was through bloodshed. He was right in saying this because on April 12, 1861, the American Civil War began. It was the most destructive war ever fought in the Western Hemisphere. In terms of human life it was also one of the most costly wars. There were many different reasons for the Civil War, slavery being the predominant reason. The immediate reason for the Civil War was the fight between the north and south over Fort Sumter. Lincoln had given South Carolina the choice of either permitting the fort to hold out or open fire with its shore batteries. In reply, the southerners commenced fire. The attack on Fort Sumter and its capture angered many northerners and began a patriotic fight to save the union. One of the first major battles of the Civil War was the Battle of Bull Run. Federal troops, amounting to 30,000 marched from Washington, D.C., to attack the Confederate forces positioned near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. The Union forces were close to victory until Confederate reinforcements sent Union troops into a retreat back to Washington. This battle boosted moral of the South and lowered the Norths. The Norths hope for a short war was shattered. The Battle of Antietam illustrates how bloody the Civil War actually was. Lee led his army across the Potomac into enemy territory. He hoped that a major Confederate victory in the North would convince Britain to support the Confederacy. McClellan, commander of the Union army had intercepted Lees plan and the in...